An ancient word no-one can translate
With only one remaining fluent speaker, the Yaghan language is on the verge of dying out. Will this obscure word be its sole survivor?
It was spring when I reached the end of the world. On that mid-September day it was cold and raining in the city of Ushuaia, Argentina, but the sky cleared as I trekked nearby Tierra del Fuego National Park, allowing the sun to reflect off crisp glacial waters and snow-covered mountains.
In 1520, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan would have seen a similar view as he led his Spanish fleet into the region. He travelled along a strait (later named after him) between mainland South America and a windswept archipelago he called Tierra del Fuego (Land of Fire) for the small fires he spotted along the shore. For thousands of years, the indigenous community here, the Yaghan, lit fires to keep warm and to communicate with each other. The flames burned in their forests, amid mountains, valleys and rivers, and atop the long canoes they steered over chilly waters.
Sixteen years ago, Cristina Calderon ā one of the estimated 1,600 Yaghan descendants still living around their ancestral grounds ā started the annual tradition of lighting three fires on Playa Larga in Ushuaia, a beach where ancient Yaghans gathered. Taking place every 25 November, the act recalls the Yaghan custom of lighting three fires to announce the arrival of a whale or a banquet of fish that everyone would eat. Releasing smoke signals was a way to convene the entire tribe, and it was common for them to share food and eat communally along the coast.
āThe importance of the fire is more than something that brings us warmth in such a hostile place,ā VictorĀ Vargas Filgueira, a Yaghan guide at theĀ Museo del Fin del MundoĀ (End of the World Museum) in Ushuaia told me. āIt served as an inspiration for many things.ā

An ancient word no-one can translate
An ancient word no-one can translate
That inspiration can be seen in a word that has garnered rapturous admirers and inspired many flights of the imagination.Ā MamihlapinatapaiĀ comes from the near-extinct Yaghan language. According to Vargasā own interpretation, āIt is the moment of meditation around theĀ pusakĆĀ [fire in Yaghan] when the grandparents transmit their stories to the young people. Itās that instant in which everyone is quiet.ā
But since the 19th Century, the word has held a different meaning ā one to which people all over the world relate.
Magellanās discovery of a āland of fireā prompted more long-distance voyages to the region. In the 1860s, British missionary and linguist Thomas BridgesĀ set up a mission in Ushuaia. He spent the next 20 years living among the Yaghans and compiled around 32,000 of their words and inflections in aĀ Yaghan-English dictionary. The English translation of mamihlapinatapai, which differs from Vargasā interpretation, debuted in an essay by Bridges: āTo look at each other, hoping that either will offer to do something, which both parties much desire done but are unwilling to do.”

An ancient word no-one can translate
āBridgesā dictionary recordsĀ ihlapi, āawkwardā, from which one could deriveĀ ihlapi-na, āto feel awkwardā;Ā ihlapi-na-ta, āto cause to feel awkwardā; andĀ mam-ihlapi-na-ta-pai, something like āto make each other feel awkwardā in a literal translation,ā said Yoram Meroz, one of the few linguists who have studied the Yaghan language. ā[Bridgesā translation] is more of an idiomatic or free translation.ā
However, the word does not appear in Bridgesā dictionary ā perhaps because it was seldom used, or possibly because he planned to include the word in the third edition of the dictionary, which he was working on before he died in 1898.
āIt could be that he heard the word once or twice in that particular context, and thatās how he wrote it, because he wasnāt aware of its more general meaning. Or that it was only used in this more specific meaning that he quotes,ā Meroz explained. āBridges knew Yahgan better than any European before or since. However,Ā he was sometimes prone to exoticising the language, and to being very verbose in his translations.ā
Accurate or not, Bridgesā translation of mamihlapinatapai sparked a widespread fascination with the word that continues to this day. āThe word got popularised by Bridges and was quoted and re-quoted in English-language materials,ā Meroz said.

An ancient word no-one can translate
In many interpretations, the word came to signify a look between would-be lovers. On theĀ internet, its definition is worded slightly differently as āa look shared by two people, each wishing that the other would initiate something that they both desire but which neither wants to beginā. Films, music, art, literature and poetry have all conjured its seemingly implicit romance and marvelled at its supposed ability to concisely capture a complex human interaction. The 1994 Guinness Book of World Records even listed mamihlapinatapai as the worldās most succinct word.
āThe meaning is quite beautiful,ā says a girl in the 2011 crowdsourced documentaryĀ Life in a Day, which portrays a single day on Earth. āIt can be perhaps two tribal leaders both wanting to make peace, but neither wanting to be the one to begin it. Or it could be two people at a party wanting to approach each other, and neither are quite brave enough to make the first move.ā
But what mamihlapinatapai actually meant to the Yaghans will likely remain a mystery. Now 89 years old, Calderon is the last fluent speaker of Yaghan, a language isolate whose origins remain unknown. Born on Isla Navarino, Chile, across the Beagle Channel from Ushuaia, she didnāt learn Spanish until she was nine years old. Meroz has visited Calderon several times to translate Yaghan recordings and texts. But when he asked her about mamihlapinatapai, she did not recognise the word.
āMost of her life, she hasnāt had many people to talk with in Yaghan,ā Meroz said. āSo if she doesnāt remember that particular [word] offhand, that doesnāt prove a whole lot.ā

An ancient word no-one can translate
Will the obscure word be the sole survivor of a dying language?
āIt used to be called a moribund language,ā Meroz said. āI think these days people would describe it in more optimistic terms, especially the Yaghans themselves. Thereās room for revitalisation.ā
Calderon and her granddaughter, Cristina Zarraga, have led occasional Yaghan language workshops in Puerto Williams, a naval town on Isla Navarino near her hometown of Villa Ukika. Calderonās children were the first generation to grow up speaking Spanish, as Yaghan speakers at that time were mocked. But the Chilean government has recently encouraged the use and maintenance of native languages, and Yaghan is now taught in local kindergartens.
āItās nice to have a native speaker around to ask questions,ā Meroz said of Calderon. āAnd there are always more questions to be asked.ā

An ancient word no-one can translate
Many of the complexities of the Yaghan language trace back to how their ancient way of life intertwined with nature. Meroz recalled how Calderon described birds taking flight in Yaghan, using one verb for a single bird and another for a flock of birds. Similarly, there are different words for launching one or several canoes. There are separate words for eating: āa general word for eating, a word for eating fish, and a word for eating shellfish,ā Meroz said.
In the 19th Century, as contact between Europeans and Yaghans became more frequent, new diseases decimated the population and the Yaghans lost much of their land to European settlers. Vargasā great-grandfather, Asenewensis, was among the last Yaghans to live as the tribe had for millennia, searching the cold waters for food on his canoe and finding warmth and community around the fire. In many ways, he was the inspiration for Vargasās book,Ā Mi Sangre YaganĀ (My Yaghan Blood).
Vargas remembers listening to the language spoken by his familyās elders. āI watched the older Yaghans speak and cut into words with silence,ā he said. āThey spoke slowly, with pauses, making little sound. With few words, we say a lot.ā

An ancient word no-one can translate
He often visits places where his Yaghan ancestors gathered along the coastline of the 240km-long Beagle Channel, which separates Ushuaia from Isla Navarino. The windy strait is speckled with rocky islands teeming with aquatic wildlife. Black-striped Magellanic penguins and orange-beaked Gentoo penguins waddle across the shore of the YƩcapasela Reserve on Isla Martillo, oblivious to people nearby. South American sea lions and fur seals lounge on craggy coastlines.
At campsites around Ushuaia, Vargas lights fires on the ground and experiences what he believes to be mamihlapinatapai.
āItās what Iāve felt many times with my friends far away in nature, around the fire,ā he said. āWeāre talking and suddenly thereās silence. That is the moment of mamihlapinatapai.ā